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Anatomi dan Fisiologi Manusia
E-Book ini diunggah untuk kepentingan pendidikan STIKES RS HUSADA.
Bab 1 Pengenalan Anatomi dan Fisiologi Manusia
1.1 Pendahuluan.................................................................................................1
1.2 Pengertian Anatomi Dan Fisiologi.............................................................2
1.3 Level Dan Struktur Organisasi Tubuh.......................................................3
1.4 Ciri-ciri Manusia Sebagai Organisme Hidup............................................5
1.5 Homeostasis.................................................................................................6
1.6 Terminologi Bidang Dan Bagian Tubuh Manusia....................................8
1.6.1 Ketentuan Arah Tubuh.......................................................................8
1.6.2 Bidang Tubuh (Body Planes) ............................................................10
1.6.3 Bagian Dan Wilayah Tubuh..............................................................10
1.6.4 Rongga Tubuh ....................................................................................11
Bab 2 Struktur dan Fungsi Sel Manusia
2.1 Struktur Sel, Organel Seluler dan Fungsinya ............................................13
2.1.1 Organela Sel: Retikulum Endoplasma...........................................14
2.1.2 Ribosom ...........................................................................................15
2.1.3 Aparatus Golgi.................................................................................16
2.1.4 Mitokondria......................................................................................16
2.1.5 Lisosom............................................................................................17
2.1.6 Sitoskeleton......................................................................................17
2.1.7 Mikrofilamen ...................................................................................18
2.1.8 Mikrotubulus....................................................................................18
2.1.9 Ekstensi Sel .....................................................................................19
2.1.10 Siklus Sel: Mitosis.........................................................................19
2.1.11 Siklus Sel: Meiosis........................................................................23
2.2 Mekanisme Transpor Seluler......................................................................27
2.2.1 Difusi ................................................................................................27
2.2.2 Difusi Terfasilitasi............................................................................27
2.2.3 Osmosis............................................................................................28
2.2.4 Transport Aktif.................................................................................28
Bab 3 Jaringan Tubuh Manusia
3.1 Jaringan Epitel .............................................................................................31
3.1.1 Fungsi Jaringan Epitel........................................................................32
3.1.2 Jenis Jaringan Epitel...........................................................................32
3.2 Jaringan Ikat.................................................................................................34
3.2.1 Komponen Serat Jaringan Ikat ..........................................................34
3.2.2 Komponen Seluler Jaringan Ikat.......................................................35
3.2.3 Fungsi Jaringan Ikat............................................................................36
3.2.4 Jaringan Ikat Padat..............................................................................36
3.2.5 Jaringan Rawan...................................................................................37
3.2.6 Jaringan Tulang...................................................................................38
3.3 Jaringan Otot................................................................................................38
3.3.1 Pembentukan Jaringan Otot...............................................................39
3.3.2 Bentuk dan Fungsi Jaringan Otot......................................................40
3.3.3 Sumber Energi Kontraksi Jaringan Otot...........................................40
3.4 Jaringan Saraf...............................................................................................41
3.4.1 Jenis Jaringan Saraf............................................................................41
3.4.2 Komponen Fungsional Jaringan Saraf..............................................42
3.4.3 Sistem Jaringan Saraf.........................................................................43
Bab 4 Sistem Rangka dan Otot
4.1 Anatomi dan Fisiologi Rangka...................................................................45
4.1.1 Sel – sel Penyusun Tulang.................................................................46
4.1.2 Klasifikasi Tulang...............................................................................46
4.1.3 Pembentukan Tulang..........................................................................47
4.1.4 Hubungan Antar Tulang ....................................................................47
4.1.5 Organisasi Sistem Rangka .................................................................48
4.2 Anatomi dan Fisiologi Otot ........................................................................52
4.2.1 Ciri – ciri Sistem Otot.........................................................................53
4.2.2 Jenis – Jenis Otot ................................................................................53
4.2.3 Pergerakan Otot ..................................................................................55
4.2.4 Tendon.................................................................................................55
4.2.5 Ligamen...............................................................................................56
4.3 Penyakit dan Gangguan Sistem Otot dan Rangka ....................................56
4.3.1 Osteoporosis........................................................................................56
4.3.2 Degeneratif Sendi ...............................................................................57
4.3.3 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE).............................................57
4.3.4 Spondilitis Ankilosa ...........................................................................57
4.3.5 Riket/ Rakitis.......................................................................................57
4.3.6 Atrofi....................................................................................................58
4.3.7 Fibromialgia........................................................................................58
Bab 5 Sistem Saraf Struktur dan Fungsi
5.1 Sistem Saraf.................................................................................................59
5.1.1 Saraf Sentral........................................................................................60
5.1.2 Saraf Perifer ( Saraf Tepi ).................................................................65
5.1.3 Saraf Kranial dan Spinal ....................................................................71
5.2 Struktur Saraf Dan Fungsinya ....................................................................73
5.2.1 Struktur Saraf .....................................................................................73
5.2.2 Fungsi Sistem Saraf............................................................................74
Bab 6 Sistem Kardiovaskular: Jantung dan Pembuluh Darah
6.1 Anatomi Jantung dan Pembuluh Darah.....................................................77
6.1.1 Anatomi Jantung.................................................................................77
6.1.2 Anatomi Pembuluh Darah .................................................................80
6.2 Fisiologi Sistem Peredaran Darah .............................................................81
6.2.1 Sistem Peredaran Darah ....................................................................81
6.2.2 Suplai darah ke jantung......................................................................82
6.3 Sistem Persarafan pada jantung..................................................................83
6.3.1 Sistem Saraf Simpatis ........................................................................83
6.3.2 Sistem Saraf Parasimpatis..................................................................84
6.4 Tekanan Darah.............................................................................................84
Bab 7 Anatomi dan Fisiologi Sistem Pernapasan
7.1 Pendahuluan.................................................................................................85
7.2 Saluran Napas Bagian Atas........................................................................86
7.2.1 Hidung dan Rongga Hidung..............................................................86
7.2.2 Faring...................................................................................................88
7.2.3 Laring...................................................................................................89
7.3 Saluran Napas Bagian Bawah ....................................................................90
7.3.1 Trakea..................................................................................................90
7.3.2 Bronkus dan Bronkiolus.....................................................................91
7.3.3 Paru-Paru.............................................................................................92
7.4 Volume dan Kapasitas Paru........................................................................93
7.5 Mekanisme Pernapasan ..............................................................................95
7.6 Pertukaran Gas di Paru................................................................................96
7.7 Transpor Gas Melalui darah .......................................................................98
7.8 Kontrol Pernapasan .....................................................................................99
7.8.1 Kontrol Saraf.......................................................................................99
7.8.2 Kontrol Kimiawi (kemoreseptor)......................................................101
7.8.3 Kontrol Non-Kimiawi........................................................................102
Bab 8 Sistem Pencernaan
8.1 Mulut ............................................................................................................106
8.1.1 Lagit-langit Mulut...............................................................................107
8.1.2 Lidah ...................................................................................................107
8.1.3 Kelenjar Ludah ...................................................................................108
8.1.4 Gigi......................................................................................................108
8.2 Faring............................................................................................................109
8.3 Esofagus.......................................................................................................110
8.4 Lambung .....................................................................................................110
8.5 Usus Halus (Illeum).....................................................................................111
8.6 Usus Besar (Colon) .....................................................................................112
8.7 Hati, Kantung Empedu dan Pankreas........................................................112
Bab 9 Sistem Reproduksi Manusia
9.1 Pendahuluan.................................................................................................115
9.2 Anatomi dan Fisilogi Sistem Reproduksi Pria ..........................................116
9.2.1 Organ Sistem Reproduksi Pria .........................................................116
9.2.2 Proses Spermatogenesis.....................................................................120
9.2.3 Hormon Sistem Reproduksi Pria.......................................................121
9.3 Anatomi dan Fisiologi Sistem Reproduksi Wanita...................................122
9.3.1 Organ Sistem Reproduksi Wanita.....................................................122
9.3.2 Proses Oogenesis................................................................................130
9.3.3 Hormon Sistem Reproduksi Wanita .................................................131
Bab 10 Sistem Imun: Pertahanan Tubuh
10.1 Pendahuluan...............................................................................................133
10.2 Sistem Imun Bawaan ................................................................................134
10.2.1 Penghalang Fisik dan Kimia.........................................................134
10.2.2 Respon Inflamasi ..........................................................................135
10.2.3 Sel-Sel Imun Bawaan....................................................................136
10.2.4 Keseimbangan dan Regulasi.........................................................136
10.3 Sistem Imun Adaptif.................................................................................136
10.3.1 Antigen dan Presentasi Antigen .....................................................136
10.3.2 Aktivasi Limfosit B dan Produksi Antibodi ..................................137
10.3.3 Aktivasi Limfosit T dan Respons Seluler.......................................137
10.3.4 Peran Sel T Pembantu dan Sel T Pembunuh .................................138
10.3.5 Memori Imun dan Imunisasi ..........................................................138
10.4 Sel-sel dalam Sistem Imun Bawaan.........................................................139
10.4.1 Makrofag...........................................................................................139
10.4.2 Neutrofil ............................................................................................139
10.4.3 Sel Pembunuh Alami (NK Cells) ...................................................140
10.4.4 Dendritik Sel (Dendritic Cells) .......................................................140
10.4.5 Sel granulosit (Eosinofil, Basofil, dan Mast Sel) ..........................140
10.4.6 Sel Pengenal Pola (Pattern Recognition Receptors, PRRs) .........140
10.5 Sel-sel dalam Sistem Imun Adaptif .........................................................141
10.5.1 Limfosit B.........................................................................................141
10.5.2 Limfosit T..........................................................................................141
10.5.3 Sel T Memori dan Sel B Memori ...................................................141
10.5.4 Interaksi Seluler dalam Respon Imun Adaptif ..............................142
10.6 Antibodi dan Antigen................................................................................144
10.6.1 Definisi dan karakteristik antigen....................................................144
10.6.2 Antibodi: Struktur dan Fungsi ........................................................145
10.6.3 Interaksi Antigen-Antibodi .............................................................145
10.6.4 Aplikasi Klinis..................................................................................146
10.6.5 Evolusi dan Diversifikasi Antibodi.................................................146
10.7 Sitokin dan Sistem Komplemen dalam Sistem Imun Tubuh Manusia .148
10.7.1 Sitokin: Definisi dan Klasifikasi......................................................148
10.7.2 Sistem Komplemen..........................................................................149
10.7.3 Interaksi Sitokin dan Sistem Komplemen......................................150
10.8 Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)............................................152
10.8.1 Klasifikasi MHC...............................................................................152
10.8.2 Mekanisme Kerja MHC dalam Sistem Imun.................................153
10.8.3 Polimorfisme MHC dan Implikasi Imunologis .............................153
10.8.4 Peran MHC dalam Imunoterapi dan Vaksin .................................154
Bab 11 Pengaturan Suhu Tubuh dan Metabolisme
11.1 Pendahuluan...............................................................................................157
11.2 Metabolisme ..............................................................................................162
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Detail Information
- Series Title
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- Call Number
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612 RIA a
- Publisher
- Medan : Yayasan Kita Menulis., 2024
- Collation
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- Language
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Indonesia
- ISBN/ISSN
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978-623-113-504-9
- Classification
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612
- Content Type
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- Media Type
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- Carrier Type
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- Edition
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- Subject(s)
- Specific Detail Info
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- Statement of Responsibility
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